日韩成人一区二区三区在线观看,亚洲爆乳成av人在线视菜奈实,一级特黄aaa大片在线观看成人一级片在线观看,欧美一级a视频在线观看,久久综合狠狠色综合伊人,国产亂倫近親相姦视频,日韩免费无码视频一区二区三区,97久久精品亚洲中文字幕无码,久爱无码精品免费视频,超碰97人人模人人爽人人

Vaccine
Home > Application > Vaccine > Subunit vaccine

Subunit vaccine


Instead of injecting whole pathogens to trigger an immune response, subunit vaccines (sometimes called acellular vaccines) contain purified components of pathogens that have been specifically selected for their ability to stimulate immune cells. Because these components do not cause disease, subunit vaccines are considered very safe. There are several types of subunit vaccines: protein subunit vaccines contain specific proteins isolated from viral or bacterial pathogens; polysaccharide vaccines contain chains of sugar molecules (polysaccharides) found in the cell walls of some bacteria; conjugate subunit vaccines combine polysaccharide chains with a carrier protein binding to boost the immune response. Subunit vaccines have been widely used, examples include hepatitis B and acellular pertussis vaccines (protein subunits), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (polysaccharides).

 

Subunit vaccines contain protein components and/or polysaccharides from pathogens that have been deeply studied to determine which combinations of these molecules are likely to generate a strong and effective immune response. By limiting the immune system's exposure to pathogens in this way, the risk of side effects can be minimized. Theses vaccines are also relatively cheap and easy to produce, and are more stable than vaccines containing whole viruses or bacteria.

 

The downside of subunit vaccines is that the antigens used to elicit an immune response may lack molecular structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are common to a class of pathogens. These structures can be recognized by immune cells as danger signals, so their absence may lead to a weakened immune response. Furthermore, since antigens do not infect cells, subunit vaccines primarily only trigger antibody-mediated immune responses. Again, this means the immune response may be weaker than with other types of vaccines. To overcome this problem, subunit vaccines are sometimes given with an adjuvant and may require booster vaccination.

 

Subunit vaccines are manufactured using living organisms, such as bacteria and yeast, that require a substrate to grow on and stringent requirements to avoid contamination with other substances. This makes them more expensive to produce than synthetic vaccines, such as RNA vaccines. The precise method of production depends on the type of subunit vaccine being produced. Protein subunit vaccines, such as recombinant hepatitis B vaccines, are made by inserting the genetic code for the antigen into yeast cells, which are relatively easy to grow and capable of synthesizing large amounts of protein. Yeast are grown in large fermenters and then lysed to collect antigens. This purified protein is then added to other vaccine components, such as adjuvants that enhance the immune response. For polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines, the polysaccharides are produced by growing bacteria in industrial bioreactors, then lysing them and harvesting the polysaccharides from the cell walls. In the case of conjugate vaccines, the protein to which the polysaccharide is conjugated must also be prepared by growing different types of bacteria in different bioreactors. Once the proteins are harvested, they are chemically reacted with polysaccharides before adding the remaining vaccine ingredients.




Related Products
Contact Us
  • Tel.: +86 021 6434 0155
  • E-Mail: marketing@duoningbio.com
  • Address: Building 30, No. 1525 Minqiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai
Message

Copyright ? Shanghai Duoning Biotechnology Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved Sitemap | Technical Support: Reanod

WeChat
WeChat

Message-

Duoning Biotechnology

+86 021 6434 0155

国产成人无码视频一区二区三区| 永久免费毛片在线播放| 亚州熟妇视频无码美女网站黄在线视频| AWWW在线天堂BD资源在线| 亚洲一区二区国产精品无l| 国产精品女人一区二区三区| 二级国产片二级国产毛片| 久久精品国产亚洲精品| 国产精品乱子伦XXXX| 蜜桃亚洲一级二级在线观看| 亚洲熟妇AV一区二区三区漫| 国产办公室免费视频观看| 国产日韩欧美另类视频| 色翁荡息又大又硬又粗视频| 国产丝袜无码一区二区三区| 曰本女人牲交免费视频| 亚洲国产AⅤ精品一区二区蜜桃| 青椒午夜影院在线日本视频| AV无码人妻一区二区三区在线| 真实国产乱子伦沙发睡午觉| 乱码一线二线三线新区破解版| 婷婷国产天堂久久综合亚洲| 久久九九国产精品怡红院| 国产日韩欧美综合色视频在线| 性生生活大片又黄又| 天堂网www在线资源网| 嘿咻视频无码免费区在线观看| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片av高| 一级特黄女人18毛片免费视频| 国产日韩精品亚洲二区视频| 久久99热狠狠色精品一区| 中文成人无字幕乱码精品| 久久中文无码日韩A∨| 精品99久久一A毛免费观看| 伊伊人成亚洲综合人网香| 综合图区亚洲欧美自拍| 4399视频在线观看免费完整版| 久久青青草原精品老司机| 欧美疯狂做受XXXX高潮| 2020国产精品永久在线观看| 日韩另类一区二区三区|